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Research Papers: Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer

# Thermal Transport Characteristics of Mixed Pressure and Electro-Osmotically Driven Flow in Micro- and Nanochannels With Joule Heating

[+] Author and Article Information
Chien-Hsin Chen

Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, National Formosa University, Huwei, Yunlin 632, Taiwanchchen@nfu.edu.tw

J. Heat Transfer 131(2), 022401 (Dec 15, 2008) (10 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2994720 History: Received December 04, 2007; Revised August 18, 2008; Published December 15, 2008

## Abstract

This study investigates convective transport phenomena of combined electro-osmotic and pressure-driven flow in a microchannel subject to constant surface heat flux, with Joule heating effect taken into account. The governing system of equations includes the electric potential field, flow field, and energy equations. Analytical solutions are obtained for constant fluid properties, while numerical solutions are presented for variable fluid properties. For constant properties, the problem is found to be governed by three ratios: the length scale ratio (the ratio of Debye length to half channel height), the velocity scale ratio (the ratio of pressure-driven velocity to electro-osmotic velocity), and the ratio of Joule heating to surface heat flux. A small length scale ratio corresponds to a microchannel, while finite length scale ratio represents a nanochannel. For electro-osmotic flow only, the momentum transport is solely a function of the length scale ratio. For combined electro-osmotic and pressure-driven flow, the velocity profile and therefore the friction factor depend on both the length scale ratio and the velocity scale ratio. Assuming a thermally fully developed flow, analytical expressions for the normalized temperature profile and Nusselt number are developed. The representative results for the friction factor, normalized temperature profile, and Nusselt number are illustrated for some typical values of the three ratios. For purely electro-osmotic flow, it is found that the Nusselt number increases with decreasing $ε$, approaching the value for slug flow as the length scale ratio approaches zero. For mixed flow with a given length scale ratio, the results show that the Nusselt number decreases with the velocity scale ratio, approaching the classical Poiseuille flow as the velocity scale ratio approaches infinite. When the effects of variable fluid properties are included in the analysis, numerical solutions are generated to explore the influence of thermal conductivity and viscosity variations with local temperature on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the fluid. These temperature-dependent property variations would initially develop pressure-driven flow, and correspondingly the dimensionless velocity and volume flow rate increase to account for such variations. The friction factor reduces considerably with viscosity variation, while the Nusselt number increases gently. Although the influence of thermal conductivity variation on the hydrodynamic characteristics is not impressive, it has certain impact on the heat transfer results; more specifically, increasing the conductivity variation will produce a sensible increase in Nusselt number but a small decrease in the normalized temperature.

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## Figures

Figure 1

Problem definition and coordinate system

Figure 2

Friction factor as a function of ε for various values of Γ

Figure 3

Normalized temperature distributions for (a) electro-osmotic flow only (Γ=0), (b) pressure-assisted flow (Γ=1), and (c) pressure-opposed flow (Γ=−1)

Figure 4

Fully developed Nusselt number versus ε for electro-osmotic flow only (Γ=0) and for various values of G

Figure 5

Fully developed Nusselt number versus Γ at selected values of ε, (a) no heat generation (G=0), (b) surface heating with G=1, and (c) surface cooling with G=−1

Figure 6

Velocity distributions for ε=0.01, B=0, G=1, and for different values of A and Γ

Figure 7

Average velocity (flow rate) as a function of A for Γ=1, G=1, and for different values of B and ε

Figure 8

Friction factor as a function of A for ε=0.01, Γ=1, G=1, and for different values of B

Figure 9

Temperature distributions for B=0, Γ=1, G=1, and for different values of A and ε.

Figure 10

Temperature distributions for A=0, Γ=1, G=1, and for different values of B and ε

Figure 11

Nusselt number as a function of A for Γ=1, G=1, and for different values of B and ε

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