Fig. 1 Schematic of specimen preparation and testing protocols. ( a ) Schematic of specimen preparation. ( b ) Time-series of FRAP measurements including prebleaching, bleaching, and 106 s postbleaching events. Scale bars represent a length of 50  μ m. Note: CEP represents cartilage endplate. Radi... More

Fig. 2 Solute diffusivities in CEPs from healthy ( n  = 7) and degenerated ( n  = 22) groups. ( a ) Average diffusivity ( D Average  = ( D rr  +  D zz )/2). ( b ) Diffusivities in the radial ( D rr ) and axial ( D zz ) directions. Note: *** p  < 0.001; NS: no significant difference. The ... More

Fig. 3 Histological images of disk and bone interfaces (( a ) and ( b )) and SEM images of CEP regions (( c ) and ( d )) from healthy and degenerated groups More

Fig. 4 Correlation between average diffusivity and CEP calcification level, as assessed by the normalized average CEP X-ray attenuation. Gray dots and black dots indicate the cartilage endplates from healthy ( n  = 7) and degenerated ( n  = 22) groups, respectively. More

Fig. 1 Models used to verify our Ansys implementation. Three-dimensional models were generated by revolving ( a ) a rectangle (RR), ( b ) a right trapezoid (RTR), and ( c ) an obtuse trapezoid (RTO) around the centerline. Cross-sections in the YZ -plane (top) and XY -plane (middle); three-dimens... More

Fig. 2 Visualization of fiber stretch after deformation of ( a ) the RR model, ( b ) the RTR model, and ( c )the RTO model More

Fig. 3 Stress and strain from Ansys and FEBio simulations, for elements along the length of the RR, RTR, and RTO models. Von Mises stress along ( a ) the anterior line and ( b ) the centerline; longitudinal stress along ( c ) the anterior line and ( d ) the centerline; longitudinal strain along ( ... More

Fig. 4 Longitudinal stress ( a ) and longitudinal strain ( b ) from Ansys and FEBio simulations, for elements along the centerline of the RTR model with three inclination angles ( θ , as labeled). Results are shown from Ansys using the approximation method (solid lines) and FEBio (markers). More

Fig. 5 Longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain from Ansys (( a ) and ( b )) and FEBio (( c ) and ( d )) for elements along the centerline of the RTR model ( θ = 54.58   deg ), using four values of parameter K . Insets in panels ( b ) and ( d ) magnify the plots near the free end of th... More

Fig. 1 A diagram that defines the coordinate system adopted in the models. The x ∗ -coordinate defines distance from the axon hillock ( x ∗ = 0 ) to the axon tip ( x ∗ = L ∗ ). Figure is generated with the aid of Servier Medical Art, licensed unde... More

Fig. 2 Kinetic diagrams that depict various kinetic states in two models of α-syn transport in the axon and transitions between these kinetic states. ( a ) A diagram for the model with anterograde and retrograde motor-driven kinetic states (without cargo diffusion and pausing states). ( b ) A diag... More

Fig. 3 Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport model without pausing states and diffusion (kinetic diagram for this model is shown in Fig. 2( a ) ). Total cargo concentration (the sum of cargo concentrations in anterograde and retrograde motor-driven states). More

Fig. 4 Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport model without pausing states and diffusion (kinetic diagram for this model is shown in Fig. 2( a ) ). ( a ) Concentration of cargos transported by anterograde motors. ( b ) Concentration of cargos transported by retrograde motors. More