To simulate transitional skin friction or heat transfer, the conditionally averaged Navier-Stokes equations are used. To describe the diffusion of freestream turbulence into the boundary layer and the intermittent laminar-turbulent flow behavior during transition, a turbulence weighting factor τ is used. A transport equation is presented for this τ-factor including convection, diffusion, production, and sink terms. In combination with the conditioned Navier-Stokes equations, this leads to an accurate calculation of flow characteristics within the transitional layer. The method is validated on transitional skin friction and heat transfer measurements, respectively on a flat plate and in a linear turbine cascade.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Mayle
, R. E.
, and Schulz
, A.
, 1997
, “The Path to Predicting Bypass Transition
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 119
, pp. 405
–411
.2.
Gostelow
, J. P.
, and Blunden
, A. R.
, 1989
, “Investigations of Boundary Layer Transition in an Adverse Pressure Gradient
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 111
, pp. 366
–375
.3.
Steelant
, J.
, and Dick
, E.
, 1996
, “Modelling of Bypass Transition with Conditioned Navier-Stokes Equations coupled to an Intermittency Equation
,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids
, 23
, pp. 193
–220
.4.
Steelant, J., and Dick, E., 1996, “Calculation of Transition in Adverse Pressure Gradient Flow by Conditioned Equations,” ASME 96-GT-160.
5.
Cho
, R.
, and Chung
, M. K.
, 1992
, “A k-ε-γ equation turbulence model
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 237
, pp. 301
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.6.
Gostelow
, J. P.
, Blunden
, A. R.
, and Walker
, G. J.
, 1994
, “Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence and Adverse Pressure Gradients on Boundary Layer Transition
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 116
, pp. 392
–404
.7.
Narasimha
, R.
, 1985
, “The Laminar-Turbulent Transition Zone in the Boundary Layer
,” Prog. Aerosp. Sci.
, 22
, pp. 29
–80
.8.
Chen
, K. K.
, and Tyson
, N. A.
, 1971
, “Extension of Emmons’ Spot Theory to Flows on Blunt Bodies
,” AIAA J.
, 9
, pp. 821
–825
.9.
Boyle, R. J., and Simon, F. F., 1996, “Mach Number Effects on Turbine Blade Transition Length Prediction,” ASME-Paper 98-GT-367.
1.
Lee
, S.
, Lele
, S. K.
, and Moin
, P.
, 1993
, “Isotropic Turbulence Interacting with a Weak Shock Wave
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 251
, pp. 533
–562
; 2.
corrigendum
264
:373
–374
, 1994
.1.
Lee
, S.
, Lele
, S. K.
, and Moin
, P.
, 1997
, “Interaction of Isotropic Turbulence with Shock Waves: Effect of Shock Strength
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 340
, pp. 225
–247
.2.
Mayle
, R. E.
, 1991
, “The Role of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Gas Turbine Engines
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 113
, pp. 509
–537
.3.
Savill, A. M., 1992, “A synthesis of T3 Test Case Predictions,” Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flows and Transition to Turbulence, O. P. et al., ed., Cambridge University Press, pp. 404–442.
4.
Arts, T., de Rouvroit, L. M., and Rutherford, A. W., 1990, “Aero-Thermal Investigation of a Highly Loaded Transonic Linear Turbine Guide Vane Cascade,” Tech. Rep. TN-174, Von Karman Institute.
5.
Roach
, P. E.
, 1989
, “The Generation of Nearly Isotropic Turbulence by means of Grids
,” Heat Fluid Flow
, 8
, No. 2
, pp. 82
–92
.6.
Steelant
, J.
, and Dick
, E.
, 1994
, “A Multigrid Method for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations Coupled to the k−ε Turbulence Equations
,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow
, 4
, No. 2
, pp. 99
–113
.7.
Keller, F. J., and Wang, T., 1993, “Flow and Thermal Structures in Heated Transitional Boundary Layers with and without Streamwise acceleration,” Tech. rep., Clemson University, Department of Mechanical Engineering.
8.
Mayle
, R. E.
, Dullenkopf
, K.
, and Schulz
, A.
, 1998
, “The Turbulence that Matters
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 120
, pp. 402
–409
.9.
Volino
, R. J.
, 1998
, “A New Model for Free-Stream Turbulence Effects on Boundary Layers
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 120
, pp. 613
–620
.Copyright © 2001
by ASME
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