Abstract

Although its potential is great, the use of aquatic insects in determining submersion intervals at death-scene investigations has not been exploited in the past. Aquatic environments have no known true specific indicator species, as do terrestrial habitats. However, aquatic environmental studies show that organisms may colonize a substrate dependent on factors such as size, position, exposure to current, water temperature, current speed, water depth, the presence of algal communities, or detritus. Certain aquatic insects such as the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae), and the caddisflies (Trichoptera), are capable of colonizing immersed bodies; and with the known biology of a specific species of insect for a certain geographic area, time intervals of submersion can be established.

References

1.
Reed
,
H. B.
, “
A Study of Dog Carcass Communities in Tennessee, with Special Reference to the Insects
,”
American Midland Naturalist
, Vol.
59
, No.
1
,
1958
, pp.
213
-
245
.
2.
Easton
,
A. M.
and
Smith
,
K. G. V.
, “
The Entomology of the Cadaver
,”
Medicine Science and the Law
, Vol.
10
,
1970
, pp.
208
-
215
.
3.
Johnson
,
M. D.
, “
Seasonal and Microseral Variation in the Insect Populations of Carrion
,”
American Midland Naturalist
, Vol.
93
, No.
1
,
1975
, pp.
79
-
90
.
4.
Putnam
,
R. J.
, “
Dynamica of the Blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, within Carrion
,”
Journal of Animal Ecology
 0021-8790, Vol.
46
, No.
3
,
1977
, pp.
853
-
866
.
5.
Rodriguez
,
W. C.
and
Bass
,
W. M.
, “
Insect Activity and its Relationship to Decay Rates of Human Cadavers in East Tennessee
,”
Journal of Forensic Sciences
 0022-1198, Vol.
28
, No.
2
,
04
1983
, pp.
423
-
32
.
6.
Smith
,
K. G. V.
, “
The Faunal Succession of Insects and Other Invertebrates on a Dead Fox
,”
Entomology Gaxette
, Vol.
26
, No.
4
,
1975
, pp.
277
-
287
.
7.
Early
,
M.
and
Goff
,
L.
, “
Arthropid Succession Patterns in Exposed Carrion on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA
,”
Journal of Medical Entomology
 0022-2585, Vol.
23
, No.
5
,
1986
, pp.
520
-
531
.
8.
Payne
,
J. A.
and
King
,
E. W.
, “
Insect Succession and Decomposition of Pig Carcasses in Water
,”
Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society
, Vol.
7
, No.
3
,
1972
, pp.
153
-
162
.
9.
Simpson
,
K.
,
Forensic Medicine
, 9th ed.,
Arnold, London
,
1985
, pp.
14
-
16
.
10.
Smith
,
K. G. V.
,
A Manual of Forensic Entomology
,
Cornell University Press
,
Ithaca, NY
,
1986
.
11.
Brusen
,
M. A.
and
Scoggan
,
A. C.
, “
Sarcophagus Habits of Trichoptera Larvae on Dead Fish
,”
Entomology News
, Vol.
80
, No.
4
,
1969
, pp.
103
-
105
.
12.
Slack
,
K. V.
,
Ferreira
,
R. F.
, and
Averett
,
R. C.
, “
Comparison of Four Artificial Substrates and the Ponar Grab for Benthic Invertebrate Collection
,”
Water Resources Bulletin
 0043-1370, Vol.
22
, No.
2
,
1986
, pp.
237
-
248
.
13.
Peckarsky
,
B. L.
, “
Colonization of Natural Substrates by Stream Benthos
,”
Canadian Journal of Fishery Aquatic Science
, Vol.
43
, No.
3
,
1986
, pp.
700
-
709
.
14.
Macan
,
T. T.
and
Kitching
,
A.
, “
The Colonization of Squares of Plastic Suspended in Midwater
,”
Freshwater Biology
 0046-5070, Vol.
6
, No.
1
,
1976
, pp.
33
-
40
.
15.
Kohler
,
S. L.
, “
Identification of Stream Drift Mechanisms: An Experimental and Observational Approach
,”
Ecology
 0012-9658, Vol.
66
, No.
6
,
1985
, pp.
1749
-
1762
.
16.
Peckarsky
,
B. L.
, “
Predator-prey Interactions Between Stoneflies and Mayflies: Behavioral Observations
,”
Ecology
 0012-9658, Vol.
61
, No.
4
,
1980
, pp.
932
-
943
.
17.
Waters
,
T. F.
, “
The Drift of Stream Insects
,”
Annual Review of Entomology
 0066-4170, Vol.
17
,
1972
, pp.
253
-
272
.
18.
Perry
,
S. A.
and
Perry
,
W. B.
, “
Effects of Experimental Flow Regulation on Invertebrate Drift and Stranding in the Flathead and Kootenai Rivers, Montana, USA
,”
Hydrobiologia
 0018-8158, Vol.
134
, No.
2
,
1986
, pp.
171
-
182
.
19.
Coutant
,
C. C.
, “
Insecticide Sevin: Effect of Aerial Spraying on Drift of Stream Insects
,”
Science
 1095-9203, Vol.
146
, No.
3642
,
1964
, pp.
420
-
421
.
20.
Muller
,
K.
, “
Stream Drift as a Chronobiological Phenomenon in Running Water Ecosystems
,”
Annual Review of Ecological Systematics
, Vol.
5
,
1984
, pp.
309
-
323
.
21.
Newman
,
D. L.
and
Funk
,
R. C.
, “
Drift of Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in a Small Illinois Stream
,”
Great Lakes Entomologist
, Vol.
17
, No.
4
,
1984
, pp.
211
-
214
.
22.
Motyka
,
G. L.
,
Merritt
,
R. W.
,
Klug
,
M. J.
, and
Miller
,
J. R.
, “
Food-finding Behavior of Selected Aquatic Detritivores: Direct or Indirect Behavioral Mechanism?
Canadian Journal of Zoology
 0008-4301, Vol.
63
, No.
6
,
1985
, pp.
1388
-
1394
.
23.
Arsuffi
,
T. L.
and
Sulberkropp
,
K.
, “
Selective Feeding by Stream Caddisfly (Trichoptera) Detritivores on Leaves with Fungal Colonized Catches
,”
Oikos
 0030-1299, Vol.
45
, No.
1
,
1985
, pp.
50
-
59
.
24.
Brown
,
A. V.
and
Brown
,
K. B.
, “
Distribution of Insects within Riffles of Streams
,”
Freshwater Invertebrate Biology
, Vol.
3
, No.
1
,
1984
, pp.
2
-
11
.
25.
Feltmate
,
B. W.
and
Pointing
,
P. J.
, “
Effect of Habitable Space on Substrate Selection by Paragnetina media (Walker) (Plecoptera: Perlidae)
,”
Hydrobiologia
 0018-8158, Vol.
131
, No.
3
,
1986
, pp.
277
-
281
.
26.
Kohler
,
S. L.
, “
Search Mechanism of a Stream Grazer in Patchy Environments: The Role of Food Abundance
,”
Oecologia
 0029-8549, Vol.
62
, No.
2
,
1984
, pp.
209
-
218
.
27.
Rabeni
,
C. F.
and
Minshall
,
G. W.
, “
Factors Affecting Microdistribution of Stream Benthic Insects
,”
Oikos.
Vol.
29
, No.
1
,
1977
, pp.
33
-
43
.
28.
Williams
,
D. D.
and
Moore
,
K. A.
, “
The Role of Epilithon in Substrate Selection by Stream Invertebrates
,”
Archives of Hydrobiology
, Vol.
104
, No.
5
,
1985
, pp.
105
-
115
.
29.
Peckarsky
,
B. L.
, “
Influence of Detritus upon Colonization of Stream Invertebrates
,”
Canadian Journal of Fishery Aquatic Science
, Vol.
37
, No.
6
,
1980
, pp.
957
-
963
.
30.
Tevesz
,
M. J. S.
, “
Benthic Colonization in Freshwater: A Synthesis
,”
Kirtlandia
, No.
41
,
1985
, pp.
3
-
14
.
31.
Wiley
,
M. J.
, “
An Analysis of Some Factors Influencing the Successful Penetration of Sediment by Chironomid Larvae
,”
Oikos
 0030-1299, Vol.
36
, No.
3
,
1981
, pp.
296
-
302
.
32.
Sheldon
,
A. L.
, “
Colonization Dynamics of Aquatic Insects
,”
Ecology of Aquatic Insects
,
V. H.
Resh
and
D. M.
Rosenberg
, Eds.,
Praeger Publisher
,
New York
,
1984
, pp.
401
-
429
.
33.
Coffman
,
W. P.
and
Ferrington
,
L. C.
, Jr.
, “
Chironomidae
,”
An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America
,
R. W.
Merritt
and
K. W.
Cummins
, Eds.,
Kendall-Hunt Publishing
,
Dubuque, IO
,
1984
, pp.
551
-
643
.
34.
Cavanaugh
,
W. J.
and
Tilden
,
J. E.
, “
Algal Food, Feeding and Case-building Habits of the Midge Fly, Tanytarsus dissimilis
,”
Ecology
 0012-9658, Vol.
11
, No.
2
,
1930
, pp.
282
-
287
.
35.
McCafferty
,
W. P.
,
Aquatic Entomology
,
Jones and Bartlett
,
Boston
,
1981
.
36.
Boror
,
D. J.
,
Delong
,
D. W.
, and
Triplehorn
,
C. A.
,
An Introduction to the Study of Insects
, 4th ed.,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
,
New York
,
1976
.
37.
Peterson
,
A.
,
Larvae of Insects, An Introduction to Nearctic Species
, 6th ed., printed for the author by
Edwards Brothers
,
Ann Arbor, MI
,
1967
.
38.
Simpson
,
K. W.
and
Bode
,
R. W.
, “
Common Larvae of the Chironomidae (Diptera) from New York State Streams and Rivers, with Particular Reference to the Fauna of Artificial Substrates
,”
Bulletin of the New York State Museum
, Bulletin 439,
1980
, pp.
1
-
105
.
39.
Furman
,
D. P.
and
Catts
,
E. P.
,
Manual to Medical Entomology
, 4th ed.,
Cambridge University Press
,
Cambridge, U.K.
,
1982
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.