... will concentrate on two methods. One is based on the solution of the time-averaged form of the radiative transfer equation using the optically thin fluctuation approximation and a combustion model based on a prescribed probability density function (pdf) approach. The second one is based on the photon Monte Carlo...

... are applied to calculate porosities, specific surfaces, particle-size distributions, and representative elementary volumes. The collision-based Monte Carlo method is applied to determine the probability distribution of attenuation path length and direction of incidence at the solid-fluid boundary, which...

... in the bed is increased. c heat capacity of the packets of particles, J / kg   K f probability density function F cumulative distribution function h GC gas convective heat transfer coefficient, W / m 2   K h PC...