This work presents a system by which users can easily create printable origami-inspired robots from high-level structural specifications. Starting from a library of basic mechanical, electrical, and software building blocks, users can hierarchically assemble integrated electromechanical components and programmed mechanisms. The system compiles those designs to cogenerate complete fabricable outputs: mechanical drawings suitable for direct manufacture, wiring instructions for electronic devices, and firmware and user interface (UI) software to control the final robot autonomously or from human input. This process allows everyday users to create on-demand custom printable robots for personal use, without the requisite engineering background, design tools, and cycle time typical of the process today. This paper describes the system and its use, demonstrating its abilities and versatility through the design of several disparate robots.

References

1.
Mehta
,
A. M.
,
Rus
,
D.
,
Mohta
,
K.
,
Mulgaonkar
,
Y.
,
Piccoli
,
M.
, and
Kumar
,
V.
,
2013
, “
A Scripted Printable Quadrotor: Rapid Design and Fabrication of a Folded MAV
,”
16th International Symposium on Robotics Research (ISRR'13)
,
Singapore
, Dec. 16–19.
2.
Mehta
,
A. M.
, and
Rus
,
D.
,
2014
, “
An End-to-End System for Designing Mechanical Structures for Print-and-Fold Robots
,”
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
(
ICRA
),
Hong Kong, China
, May 31–June 7, pp.
1460
1465
.10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907044
3.
Mehta
,
A. M.
,
DelPreto
,
J.
,
Shaya
,
B.
, and
Rus
,
D.
,
2014
, “
Cogeneration of Mechanical, Electrical, and Software Designs for Printable Robots From Structural Specifications
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS 2014
),
Chicago, IL
, Sept. 14–18, pp.
2892
2897
.10.1109/IROS.2014.6942960
4.
Mavroidis
,
C.
,
DeLaurentis
,
K. J.
,
Won
,
J.
, and
Alam
,
M.
,
2001
, “
Fabrication of Non-Assembly Mechanisms and Robotic Systems Using Rapid Prototyping
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
123
(
4
), pp.
516
524
.10.1115/1.1415034
5.
Richter
,
C.
, and
Lipson
,
H.
,
2011
, “
Untethered Hovering Flapping Flight of a 3D-Printed Mechanical Insect
,”
Artif. Life
,
17
(
2
), pp.
73
86
.10.1162/artl_a_00020
6.
Rossiter
,
J.
,
Walters
,
P.
, and
Stoimenov
,
B.
,
2009
, “
Printing 3D Dielectric Elastomer Actuators for Soft Robotics
,”
Proc. SPIE
,
7287
, p.
72870H
.10.1117/12.815746
7.
Hoover
,
A. M.
, and
Fearing
,
R. S.
,
2008
, “
Fast Scale Prototyping for Folded Millirobots
,”
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
(
ICRA 2008
),
Pasadena, CA
, May 19–23, pp.
886
892
.10.1109/ROBOT.2008.4543317
8.
Liu
,
Y.
,
Boyles
,
J.
,
Genzer
,
J.
, and
Dickey
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Self-Folding of Polymer Sheets Using Local Light Absorption
,”
Soft Matter
,
8
(
6
), pp.
1764
1769
.10.1039/c1sm06564e
9.
Shimoyama
,
I.
,
Miura
,
H.
,
Suzuki
,
K.
, and
Ezura
,
Y.
,
1993
, “
Insect-Like Microrobots With External Skeletons
,”
Control Syst.
,
13
(
1
), pp.
37
41
.10.1109/37.184791
10.
Brittain
,
S. T.
,
Schueller
,
O. J. A.
,
Wu
,
H.
,
Whitesides
,
S.
, and
Whitesides
,
G. M.
,
2001
, “
Microorigami: Fabrication of Small, Three-Dimensional, Metallic Structures
,”
J. Phys. Chem. B
,
105
(
2
), pp.
347
350
.10.1021/jp002556e
11.
Hawkes
,
E.
,
An
,
B.
,
Benbernou
,
N. M.
,
Tanaka
,
H.
,
Kim
,
S.
,
Demaine
,
E. D.
,
Rus
,
D.
, and
Wood
,
R. J.
,
2010
, “
Programmable Matter by Folding
,”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
,
107
(
28
), pp.
12441
12445
.10.1073/pnas.0914069107
12.
Tolley
,
M.
,
Felton
,
S. M.
,
Miyashita
,
S.
,
Xu
,
L.
,
Shin
,
B.
,
Zhou
,
M.
,
Rus
,
D.
, and
Wood
,
R. J.
,
2013
, “
Self-Folding Shape Memory Laminates for Automated Fabrication
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS
),
Tokyo, Japan
, Nov. 3–7, pp.
4931
4936
.10.1109/IROS.2013.6697068
13.
Onal
,
C. D.
,
Wood
,
R. J.
, and
Rus
,
D.
,
2011
, “
Towards Printable Robotics: Origami-Inspired Planar Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Mechanisms
,”
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
(
ICRA
),
Shanghai, China
, May 9–13, pp.
4608
4613
.10.1109/ICRA.2011.5980139
14.
Birkmeyer
,
P.
,
Peterson
,
K.
, and
Fearing
,
R. S.
,
2009
, “
DASH: A Dynamic 16g Hexapedal Robot
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS
),
St. Louis, MO
, Oct. 10–15, pp.
2683
2689
.10.1109/IROS.2009.5354561
15.
Onal
,
C.
,
Wood
,
R.
, and
Rus
,
D.
,
2013
, “
An Origami-Inspired Approach to Worm Robots
,”
IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics
,
18
(
2
), pp.
430
438
.10.1109/TMECH.2012.2210239
16.
Tachi
,
T.
,
2010
, “
Origamizing Polyhedral Surfaces
,”
IEEE Trans. Visualiz. Compt. Graphics
,
16
(
2
), pp.
298
311
.10.1109/TVCG.2009.67
17.
Lang
,
R.
,
2012
,
Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art
,
A K Peters/CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL
.
18.
Tama, 2014, “
Pepakura Designer
,” Tama Software Inc., Tokyo, accessed May 26, 2014, http://www.tamasoft.co.jp/pepakura-en/
19.
Parnas
,
D. L.
,
1972
, “
On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems Into Modules
,”
Commun. ACM
,
15
(
12
), pp.
1053
1058
.10.1145/361598.361623
20.
Farritor
,
S.
, and
Dubowsky
,
S.
,
2001
, “
On Modular Design of Field Robotic Systems
,”
Auton. Rob.
,
10
(
1
), pp.
57
65
.10.1023/A:1026596403167
21.
Hornby
,
G.
,
Lipson
,
H.
, and
Pollack
,
J.
,
2003
, “
Generative Representations for the Automated Design of Modular Physical Robots
,”
IEEE Trans. Rob. Autom.
,
19
(
4
), pp.
703
719
.10.1109/TRA.2003.814502
22.
Davey
,
J.
,
Kwok
,
N.
, and
Yim
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Emulating Self-Reconfigurable Robots—Design of the SMORES System
,”
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems
(
IROS
),
Vilamoura, Portugal
, Oct. 7–12, pp.
4464
4469
.10.1109/IROS.2012.6385845
23.
LEGO Group, 2014, “
LEGO Mindstorms
,” LEGO Group, Billund, Denmark, accessed Nov. 1,
2014
, http://mindstorms.lego.com
24.
Modular Robotics, 2012
, “MOSS,” Modular Robotics Inc., Boulder, CO, accessed Nov. 1,
2014
, http://www.modrobotics.com/moss
25.
VEX Robotics
,” VEX Robotics Inc., Greenville, TX, accessed Nov. 1,
2014
, http://www.vexrobotics.com
26.
Bachrach
,
J.
,
Vo
,
H.
,
Richards
,
B.
,
Lee
,
Y.
,
Waterman
,
A.
,
Avizienis
,
R.
,
Wawrzynek
,
J.
, and
Asanovic
,
K.
,
2012
, “
Chisel: Constructing Hardware in a Scala Embedded Language
,”
49th ACM/EDAC/IEEE on Design Automation Conference
(DAC),
San Francisco, CA
, June 3–7, pp.
1212
1221
.
27.
Kintel
,
M.
,
2011
, “
OpenSCAD, The Programmers Solid 3D CAD Modeller
,” accessed Nov. 1,
2014
, http://www.openscad.org
28.
Freese
,
M.
,
Singh
,
S.
,
Ozaki
,
F.
, and
Matsuhira
,
N.
,
2010
, “
Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform V-Rep: A Versatile 3D Robot Simulator
,”
Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots
,
Springer, Berlin
,
Germany
, pp.
51
62
.
29.
Ben-Kiki
,
O.
,
Evans
,
C.
, and
döt Net
,
I.
,
2009
, “
YAML
,” accessed Nov. 01,
2014
, http://www.yaml.org/
30.
Mehta
,
A. M.
,
Bezzo
,
N.
,
An
,
B.
,
Gebhard
,
P.
,
Kumar
,
V.
,
Lee
,
I.
, and
Rus
,
D.
,
2014
, “
A Design Environment for the Rapid Specification and Fabrication of Printable Robots
,”
14th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER'14)
,
Marrakech/Essaouira, Morocco
, June 15–18.
You do not currently have access to this content.