The paper considers the effects of sea roughness and atmospheric stability on the sea surface wind stress over waves, which are in local equilibrium with the wind, by using the logarithmic boundary layer profile including a stability function, as well as adopting some commonly used sea surface roughness formulations. The engineering relevance of the results is also discussed.
Issue Section:
Technical Brief
1.
Smith
et al., 1996
, “Air-Sea Fluxes: 25 Years of Progress
,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol.
, 78
, pp. 247
–290
.2.
Smith
, S. D.
, 1980
, “Wind Stress and Heat Flux Over the Ocean in Gale Force Winds
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 10
, pp. 709
–726
.3.
Andersen
, O. J.
, and Løvseth
, J.
, 1995
, “Gale Force Maritime Wind. The Frøya Data Base. Part 1: Sites and Instrumentation. Review of the Data Base
,” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
, 57
, pp. 97
–109
.4.
Coelingh
, J. P.
et al., 1996
, “Analysis of Wind Speed Observations Over the North Sea
,” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
, 61
, pp. 51
–69
.5.
Kondo
, J.
, 1975
, “Air-Sea Bulk Transfer Coefficients in Diabatic Conditions
,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol.
, 9
, pp. 91
–112
.6.
Smith
, S. D.
, 1988
, “Coefficients for Sea Surface Wind Stress, Heat Flux, and Wind Profiles as a Function of Wind Speed and Turbulence
,” J. Geophys. Res.
, 93
, pp. 15467
–15472
.7.
Van Wijk
, A. J. M.
et al., 1990
, “Evaluation of Stability Corrections in Wind Speed Profiles Over the North Sea
,” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
, 33
, pp. 551
–566
.8.
Gjerstad
, J.
et al., 1995
, “An Analysis of Low-Frequency Maritime Atmospheric Turbulence
,” J. Atmos. Sci.
, 52
, pp. 2663
–2669
.9.
Yelland
, M.
, and Taylor
, P. K.
, 1996
, “Wind Stress Measurements From the Open Ocean
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 26
, pp. 541
–558
.10.
Myrhaug
, D.
, and Slaattelid
, O. H.
, 1999
, “Wind Stress Over Waves in Stably Stratified Flow
,” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
, 80
, pp. 233
–252
.11.
Arya, S. P., 1982, “Atmospheric Boundary Layers Over Homogeneous Terrain,” Engineering Meteorology, E. Plate (ed), Elsevier, New York, pp. 233–267.
12.
Young, I. R., 1999, Wind Generated Ocean Waves, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
13.
Kraus, E. B., and Businger, J. A., 1994, Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction, Oxford University Press, New York.
14.
Panofsky, H. A., and Dutton, J. A., 1984, Atmospheric Turbulence, John Wiley & Sons.
15.
Heggem, T., 1997, “Measurements of Coastal Wind and Temperature. Sensor Evaluation, Data Quality, and Wind Structures.” Dr.Sci. thesis, Dept. of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
16.
Charnock
, H.
, 1955
, “Wind Stress on a Water Surface
,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
, 81
, pp. 639
–640
.17.
Toba
, Y.
et al., 1990
, “Wave Dependence on Sea-Surface Wind Stress
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 20
, pp. 705
–721
.18.
Nordeng
, T. E.
, 1991
, “On the Wave Age Dependent Drag Coefficient and Roughness Length at Sea
,” J. Geophys. Res.
, 96
, pp. 7167
–7174
.19.
Smith
, S. D.
et al., 1992
, “Sea Surface Wind Stress and Drag Coefficients: The HEXOS Results
,” Boundary-Layer Meteorol.
, 60
, pp. 109
–142
.20.
Donelan
, M. A.
et al., 1993
, “On the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wave Development
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 23
, pp. 2143
–2149
.21.
Johnson
, H. K.
et al., 1998
, “On the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wind Waves
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 28
, pp. 1702
–1716
.22.
Jones
, I. S. F.
, and Toba
, Y.
, 1995
, “Comments on the Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on Wave Development
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 25
, pp. 1905
–1907
.23.
Donelan
, M. A.
et al., 1995
, “Reply
,” J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, 25
, pp. 1908
–1909
.24.
Banner
, M. L.
, and Peirson
, W. L.
, 1998
, “Tangential Stress Beneath Wind-Driven Air-Water Interfaces
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 364
, pp. 115
–145
.25.
Schlichting, H., 1979, Boundary-Layer Theory, 7th Edition, MacGraw-Hill, New York.
26.
Belberova
, D.
, and Myrhaug
, D.
, 1996
, “Critical Assessment of the Joint Occurrence of Wind and Waves at a Buoy Station Off the Southern Norwegian Coast
,” J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
, 61
, pp. 207
–224
.27.
Davenport, A. G., 1978, “Wind Structure and Wind Climate,” In Safety of structures under dynamic loading, I. Holand et al. (eds.), Tapir, Trondheim, Norway, pp. 209–284.
28.
Forristall, G. Z., 1988, “Wind Spectra and Gust Factors Over Water,” Proc. of 20th Offshore Technology Conf., Paper No. 5735, Houston, Texas, pp. 449–460.
29.
Ochi, M. K., and Shin, Y. S., 1988, “Wind Turbulent Spectra for Design Consideration of Offshore Structures,” Proc. of 20th Offshore Technology Conf., Paper No. 5736, Houston, Texas, pp. 461–467.
30.
Harris, R. I., and Deaves, D. M., 1981, “The Structure of Strong Winds,” Proc. of CIRIA Conf. on Wind Engineering in the Eighties, CIRIA, London, U.K.
31.
Chakrabarti, S. K., 1990, Non-linear Methods in Offshore Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
32.
Andersen, O. J., and Løvseth, J., 1992, “The Maritime Turbulent Wind Field. Measurements and Models. Extended analysis of the Frøya data base,” Allforsk-AVH, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
Copyright © 2002
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.