Two Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based field methods numerically predicted added resistance in regular head waves for a 14,000 TEU containership and a medium size cruise ship. Long and short waves of different frequencies were considered. Added resistance was decomposed into diffraction and radiation force components, whereby diffraction forces were obtained by restraining the ship in waves and radiation forces by prescribing the motions of the ship in calm water. In short waves, the diffraction part of total resistance was dominant as almost no ship motions were induced. In long waves, the sum of diffraction and radiation forces exceeded total resistance, i.e., the interaction of these two force components, which caused the reduction of total resistance, needed to be accounted for. Predictions were compared with model test measurements. Particular emphasis was placed on the following aspects: discretization errors, frictional resistance as part of total added resistance in waves, and diffraction and radiation components of added resistance in waves. Investigations comprised two steps, namely, a preliminary simulation to determine calm water resistance and a second simulation to compute total resistance in waves, always using the same grids. Added resistance was obtained by subtracting calm water resistance from total averaged wave resistance. When frictional resistance dominated over calm water resistance, which holds for nearly all conventional ships at moderate Froude numbers, high grid densities were required in the neighborhood surrounding the hull as well as prism cells on top of the model's surface.

References

1.
Maruo
,
H.
,
1957
, “
The Excess Resistance of a Ship in a Rough Sea
,”
Int. Shipbuild. Prog.
,
4
, pp.
337
345
.
2.
Boese
,
P.
,
1970
, “
A Simple Method for the Calculation of Resistance Increase of a Ship in a Seaway
,”
J. Ship Technol. Res.
,
17
(
86
).
3.
Gerritsma
,
J.
, and
Beukelman
,
W.
,
1972
, “
Analysis of the Resistance Increase in Waves of a Fast Cargo Ship
,”
Int. Shipbuild. Prog.
,
19
(
217
), pp.
285
293
.
4.
Ström-Tejsen
,
J.
,
Hugh
,
Y. H.
,
Yeh
, and
Moran
,
D. D.
,
1973
, “
Added Resistance in Waves
,”
SNAME Trans.
,
81
, pp.
109
143
.
5.
Salvesen
,
N.
,
Tuck
,
O. E.
, and
Faltinsen
,
O. M.
,
1970
, “
Ship Motions and Sea Loads
,”
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Trans.
,
78
, pp.
250
287
.
6.
Faltinsen
,
O. M.
,
Minsaas
,
K. J.
,
Liapis
,
N.
, and
Skjordal
,
S. O.
,
1980
, “
Prediction of Resistance and Propulsion of a Ship in a Seaway
,”
13th Symp. on Naval Hydrodynamics
, Tokyo, pp.
505
529
.
7.
Liu
,
S.
,
Papanikolaou
,
A.
, and
Zaraphonites
,
G.
,
2011
, “
Prediction of Added Resistance of Ships in Waves
,”
J. Ocean Eng.
,
38
(
4
), pp.
641
650
.
8.
Söding
,
H.
,
Shigunov
,
V.
,
Schellin
,
T. E.
, and
El Moctar
,
O.
,
2014
, “
A Rankine Panel Method for Added Resistance of Ships in Waves
,”
ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng.
,
136
(
3
), p.
031601
.
9.
Kashiwagi
,
M.
,
Ikeda
,
T.
, and
Sasakawa
,
T.
,
2010
, “
Effects of Forward Speed of a Ship on Added Resistance in Waves
,”
J. Offshore Polar Eng.
,
20
(
3
), pp.
196
203
.
10.
El Moctar
,
O.
,
Oberhagemann
,
J.
, and
Schellin
,
T. E.
,
2011
, “
Free Surface RANS Method for Hull Girder Springing and Whipping
,”
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Trans.
,
119
, pp.
48
66
.
11.
Schellin
,
T. E.
, and
el Moctar
,
O.
,
2007
, “
Numerical Prediction of Impact-Related Wave Loads on Ships
,”
ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng.
,
129
(
1
), p.
021602
.
12.
Ley
,
J.
,
Sigmund
,
S.
, and
el Moctar
,
O.
,
2014
, “
Numerical Prediction of the Added Resistance of Ships in Waves
,”
33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering
, San Francisco, CA, OMAE Paper No. 2014-24216.
13.
Bertram
,
V.
, and
Couser
,
P.
,
2014
, “
Computational Methods for Seakeeping and Added Resistance in Waves
,”
13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries COMPIT’14
, Redworth, UK, pp.
8
16
.
14.
CD Adapco,
2011
, “
STAR-CCM+: User Guide 6.02.007
,”
CD ADAPCO
,
New York
.
15.
OpenFOAM Foundation Ltd.
,
2011-2014
, “
OpenFOAM: User Guide
,”
OpenFOAM Foundation
,
London
.
16.
Ferziger
,
J. H.
, and
Peric
,
M.
,
2002
, “
Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics
,” 3rd, ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin.
You do not currently have access to this content.