Fig. 1 Magnitude and phase of the mean mastoid impedance measured on 100 subjects by Nie et al. [ 10 ]. The mean curve is represented by the solid line. The dashed curve represents the impedance obtained by fitting the FS skin model to the measurement data such as to obtain a deviation in magnitud... More about this image found in Magnitude and phase of the mean mastoid impedance measured on 100 subjects ...

Fig. 2 Impedances obtained by coupling the mean impedance measured by Nie et al. [ 10 ] with the output impedance of the Radioear B71 (solid line) as well as by coupling the impedance of the FS model presented in Fig. 1 with the output impedance of the Radioear B71 (dashed line) More about this image found in Impedances obtained by coupling the mean impedance measured by Nie et al. [...

Fig. 3 Magnitude and phase of the mean mastoid impedance of 30 subjects determined by Cortés [ 18 ] (solid line). The dashed line shows a fit of the FS model for a representation in the frequency range from 500 Hz to 10 kHz leading to deviations in the magnitude below 1 dB. The used values of the ... More about this image found in Magnitude and phase of the mean mastoid impedance of 30 subjects determined...

Fig. 4 Mean mechanical impedances of the skin in magnitude and phase determined by Cortés [ 18 ] (dotted line), Nie et al. [ 10 ] (dashed line), and Håkansson et al. [ 16 ] (solid line). The dot-dashed line shows a fit of the FS model to the measurements by Håkansson et al. [ 16 ]. The values were... More about this image found in Mean mechanical impedances of the skin in magnitude and phase determined by...

Fig. 5 ( a ) Equivalent electrical network model for the mechanical skin impedance of Flottorp and Solberg [ 15 ]. Z S represents the skin impedance, M S the mass of the excited skin, C S the skin compliance, and R S the damping. ( b ) The analogous mechanical model of the FS m... More about this image found in ( a ) Equivalent electrical network model for the mechanical skin impedance...

Fig. 6 ( a ) Zener material model composed of a linear spring k 0 connected in parallel with a Maxwell arm which consist of spring k and dashpot b connected in series. ( b ) Simple Zener-based skin model. Skin mass m is connected in series with the Zener material model shown in ( a ). More about this image found in ( a ) Zener material model composed of a linear spring k 0 connected in ...

Fig. 7 Different fits of the simple skin model based on Zener material applied to the mean measured mechanical mastoid impedance by Cortés [ 18 ]. The parameters used for the Zener model fit 1 are m = 7.56 · 10 −4 (kg), k 0 = 1.65 · 10 5 (N/m), k = 1.3 · 10 5 (N/m), and b = 55 (N s/m).... More about this image found in Different fits of the simple skin model based on Zener material applied to ...

Fig. 8 The proposed linear viscoelastic mixed lumped-continuum model of the skin is composed of a plate continuum model representing the wave transmission through the cutis, a mass m representing the mass of the cutis compressed below the indenter, and a lumped parameter Zener model (as describe... More about this image found in The proposed linear viscoelastic mixed lumped-continuum model of the skin i...

Fig. 9 The mean measured mechanical impedance by Cortés [ 18 ] compared to the results obtained with the linear viscoelastic mixed lumped-continuum model of the skin. The parameters used for the fit of the model are listed in Table 1 . More about this image found in The mean measured mechanical impedance by Cortés [ 18 ] compared to the res...

Fig. 10 Impedances obtained by coupling the mechanical skin impedance by Cortés [ 18 ] with the output impedance of the Radioear B 71 (solid line), by coupling the FS model from Fig. 3 with the output impedance of the Radioear B 71 (dashed line), as well as by coupling the proposed model from Fi... More about this image found in Impedances obtained by coupling the mechanical skin impedance by Cortés [ 1...

Fig. 11 A lumped parameter model of the Ortofon BC-10 in contact with the receiving structure, in this case the skin, with impedance Z More about this image found in A lumped parameter model of the Ortofon BC-10 in contact with the receiving...

Fig. 12 Surface impedance measurements on an artificial head (HEAD acoustics HMS IV, Type HSU III.2). The measurements were performed in the same position once with the adapted Ortofon BC-10 and once with a conventional Brüel & Kjær 8001 impedance head driven by the Ortofon device. More about this image found in Surface impedance measurements on an artificial head (HEAD acoustics HMS IV...

Fig. 13 Impedance measurements of the forehead ( a ) and mastoid ( b ) of the female author with the corresponding results of the fitted linear viscoelastic mixed lumped-continuum model. The parameters used are given in Table 2 . More about this image found in Impedance measurements of the forehead ( a ) and mastoid ( b ) of the femal...

Fig. 1 Flow in an open–open tube with volumetric heat addition More about this image found in Flow in an open–open tube with volumetric heat addition

Fig. 2 Conical flame over a circular burner More about this image found in Conical flame over a circular burner

Fig. 3 Flame transfer function More about this image found in Flame transfer function

Fig. 4 ( a ) Typical single-burner combustor; ( b ) right-side view of the combustor; ( c ) volumetric heat release rate variation S ¯ ( x ) ( J m − 3 s − 1 ) for x b = 0.3 m More about this image found in ( a ) Typical single-burner combustor; ( b ) right-side view of the combust...

Fig. 5 Comparison between iterative and MacCormack's solutions of mean velocity and pressure in a single-burner combustor for x b = 0.3 m More about this image found in Comparison between iterative and MacCormack's solutions of mean velocity an...